Due to a combination of issues, the current Microsoft.Quantum.Sdk (at the time of writing, version 0.25.222597) does not support arm64 Macs, which of course are the flagship Apple silicon processors from the M1 and M2 family.
Hopefully these issues get resolved soon, but until then, this post will chronicle the necessary workarounds to be able to write Q#/QDK code on arm64 Macs.